Chii chinobviswa uye chinoderedzwa nemafirita ecarbon anoshandiswa?
Sekureva kweEPA (Environmental Protection Agency muUnited States), Activated Carbon ndiyo chete tekinoroji yekusefa inokurudzirwa kubvisa
- zvese 32 zvakaonekwa kuti zvine tsvina yeorganic zvinosanganisira THMs (zvimwe zvinobva mu chlorine).
- mishonga yezvipembenene gumi nemana yakanyorwa (izvi zvinosanganisira nitrates pamwe nemishonga yezvipembenene yakaita seglyphosate inonziwo roundup)
- mishonga yekuuraya sora gumi nemiviri inonyanya kushandiswa.
Izvi ndizvo zvinhu zvinosvibisa nemamwe makemikari anobviswa nemafirita emarara.
Chlorine (Cl)
Mvura zhinji dzemupombi dzeveruzhinji muEurope neNorth America dzakanyatsorongeka, dzakaedzwa uye dzakabvumidzwa kunwiwa. Zvisinei, kuti dzive dzakachengeteka, chlorine inowedzerwa izvo zvinogona kuita kuti inakirwe uye inhuwe zvakaipa. Mafirita eCarbon anoshandiswa zvakanaka pakubvisa chlorine pamwe nekunhuhwirira kusina kunaka. Mafirita ecarbon anoshandiswa emhando yepamusoro anogona kubvisa 95% kana kupfuura yechlorine yakasununguka.
Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo nezveizvi verenga nezve chlorine yakazara uye isina chlorine.
Chlorine haifanirwe kuvhiringidzwa neChloride inova mineral inosanganiswa nesodium necalcium. Chloride inogona kuwedzera zvishoma kana mvura ikaseferwa neactivated carbon.
Zvigadzirwa zviviri zveChlorine
Chinhu chinonyanya kuomera nezvemvura yepombi izvinhu zvinobva muchlorine zvakaita seTHMs zvinoonekwa sezvingangokonzera kenza. Kabhoni inoshandiswa inoshanda kupfuura chero imwe tekinoroji yekusefa mukubvisa izvi. Sekureva kweEPA inobvisa zvinhu makumi matatu nezviviri zvinonyanya kuwanikwa muchlorine. Chinhu chinonyanya kuyerwa mumishumo yemvura yepombi iTHMs dzese.
Chloride (Cl)-)
Chloride imineral yechisikigo inobatsira kuchengetedza huwandu hweropa, BP, uye pH yemvura yemuviri. Zvisinei, Chloride yakawandisa mumvura inogona kukonzera kuravira kwemunyu. Chloride inhengo yechisikigo yemvura yepombi isina matambudziko ehutano. Ichikamu chemaitiro e chlorine yekunwa mvura kubva kubhakitiriya nemavhairasi ane njodzi. Haifanirwe kuseferwa kana kubviswa asi activated carbon inowanzo deredza chloride ne50-70%. Muzviitiko zvisingawanzoitiki chloride inogona kuwedzera.
Mishonga yezvipembenene
Mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene zvinhu zvinofanirwa kudzora zvipembenene, kusanganisira sora rinozopedzisira rava mumvura yepasi, mumakungwa, munzizi, mumakungwa uye dzimwe nguva mumvura yepombi pasinei nekurapwa. Activated Carbon inoedzwa kubvisa mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene gumi nemana inonyanya kushandiswa inosanganisira Chlordane, Chlordecone (CLD/Kepone), Glyphosate (Round-up), Heptachlor, uye Lindane. Izvi zvinosanganisirawo Nitrate (ona pazasi).
Mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene
Mishonga yekuuraya sora inozivikanwawo semishonga yekuuraya sora, zvinhu zvinoshandiswa kudzora zvirimwa zvisingadiwi. Activated Carbon yakaedzwa kubvisa mishonga yekuuraya sora gumi nemiviri inonyanya kushandiswa inosanganisira 2,4-D neAtrazine.
Nitrate (Kwete32-)
Nitrate ndeimwe yemakemikari akakosha pazvirimwa. Inowanikwa muNitrogen yakawanda, iyo inokosha pakukura kwezvirimwa. Nitrate haina njodzi inozivikanwa pavanhu vakuru kunze kwekunge iri yakawanda zvakanyanya. Zvisinei, Nitrate yakawandisa mumvura inogona kukonzera Methemoglobinemia, kana chirwere che "blue baby" (Kushaikwa kweoxygen).
Nitrate mumvura yepombi inonyanya kubva kufetereza, masisitimu etsvina, uye mabasa ekuchengetedza kana kupararira kwemupfudze. Kabhoni inoshandiswa mumhepo inowanzo deredza nitrate ne50-70% zvichienderana nemhando yefirita.
PFOS
PFOS ikemikari yakagadzirwa inoshandiswa semuenzaniso mu furo rinodzima moto, simbi inoputira uye mishonga inodzinga madota. Mumakore apfuura yave iri munzvimbo ine mvura uye mumvura yekunwa uye zviitiko zviviri zvikuru zvakaitika kuNorth America neEurope. Sekureva kweongororo yakaitwa muna 2002 neEnvironmental Directorate yeOECD "PFOS inogara kwenguva refu, inounganidza zvinhu zvipenyu uye ine chepfu kumhuka dzinoyamwisa." Activated Carbon yakawanikwa ichibvisa PFOS zvinobudirira kusanganisira PFAS, PFOA nePFNA.
Phosphate (PO2)43-)
Phosphate, kufanana nenitrate, inokosha pakukura kwezvirimwa. Phosphate inodzivirira ngura zvakanyanya. Kuwanda kwePhosphate hakuna kuratidza njodzi kuhutano hwevanhu. Masisitimu emvura eruzhinji (PWSs) anowanzo wedzera phosphates mumvura yekunwa kudzivirira kubuda kwelead nemhangura kubva mumapombi nemidziyo. Mafirita emarasha emhando yepamusoro anowanzo bvisa 70-90% yephosphates.
Lithium (Li)+)
Lithium inowanikwa mumvura yekunwa. Kunyangwe iripo zvishoma, Lithium chinhu chinorwisa kushushikana kwepfungwa. Haina kuratidza migumisiro yakaipa pamuviri wemunhu. Lithium inowanikwa mumvura ine mvura yakawanda, mvura inopisa, uye mumvura ine mafuta negasi. Mafirita emarasha akadai seTAPP Water anoderedza 70-90% yechinhu ichi.
Mishonga
Kushandiswa kwemishonga kwakawanda kwakaita kuti mishonga nemetabolites dzayo zvirambe zvichiburitswa mumvura yakasviba. Zvaonekwa pari zvino zvinoratidza kuti hazvigoneke kuti kusangana nemakemikari mashoma mumvura yekunwa kungakonzera njodzi huru kuhutano hwevanhu, sezvo huwandu hwemishonga inowanikwa mumvura yekunwa hwakaderera pane huwandu hunodiwa pakurapa. Mishonga inogona kuburitswa mumvura kubva mutsvina inobva mukugadzira kana kugadzira zvinhu zvisina kudzorwa zvakanaka, kunyanya iyo ine chekuita nemishonga yakajairika. Mafirita emhando yepamusoro ecarbon block akadai sekubvisa 95% yemishonga.
Microplastics
Mapurasitiki madiki (microplastics) anokonzerwa nemarara epurasitiki anobva mumhando dzakasiyana dzezvinhu. Zvakaoma kuziva kuti mapurasitiki madiki anokanganisa sei hutano hwevanhu nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana. Kune mhando dzakasiyana dzepurasitiki, pamwe chete nezvimwe zvinhu zvemakemikari zvinogona kunge zviripo kana kuti zvisipo. Kana marara epurasitiki apinda.
Nzira dzemvura, hadziori sezvinoita zvinhu zvechisikigo. Pane kudaro, kusvibiswa nemwaranzi yezuva, kuita kweokisijeni, uye kuora kwezvinhu zvakaita semafungu nejecha zvinoita kuti marara epurasitiki aputsike kuita zvidimbu zvidiki. Mapurasitiki madiki akaonekwa mumishumo yeveruzhinji i2.6 micron. Kabhoni block ye2 micron yakaita seiyi inobvisa mapurasitiki ese akakura kupfuura 2-micron.
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