Ruzivo Rwakadzama muTekinoroji Yekugadzira Kabhoni Yakagadziriswa
Kugadzirwa kwekabhoni yakakangwa inzira inotevedzana nemazvo inoshandura zvirimwa zvemumba kuita zvinonyungudutsa zvine maburi akawanda, uko parameter yega yega yekushanda inokanganisa zvakananga kushanda kwechinhu ichi uye kushanda kwemaindasitiri. Iyi tekinoroji yakashanduka zvakanyanya kuti isangane nezvinodiwa zvakasiyana-siyana, kubva pakuchenesa mvura kusvika pakuchenesa mhepo, nekuvandudzwa kuri kuramba kuchienderera mberi kwakatarisana nekuchengetedza nguva uye kugadzirisa mashandiro.
Kusarudzwa Kwezvinhu Zvisina Kugadzirwa Uye Kugadziriswa Pamberi: Hwaro Hwemhando YepamusoroRwendo rwunotanga nesarudzo yezvinhu zvakabikwa zvine hungwaru, sezvo hunhu hwezvikafu zvechikafu huchiratidza hunhu hwechigadzirwa chekupedzisira. Magoko ekokonati achiri sarudzo yepamusoro nekuda kwehuwandu hwawo hwakagadzika hwekabhoni (hunopfuura 75%), huwandu hwedota hwakaderera (husingasviki 3%), uye chimiro chechisikigo chefiber, izvo zvinoita kuti zvive nyore kugadzira maburi—zvichiita kuti zvive zvakanaka pakushandiswa kwepamusoro-soro sekubvisa chepfu mumishonga. Marasha, kunyanya mhando dzebituminous neanthracite, anonyanya kufarirwa pakugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri makuru nekuda kwekugadzirwa kwawo kwakasimba uye kushanda zvakanaka kwemari, nepo zvikafu zvehuni (semuenzaniso, pine, oak) zvichifarirwa pamisika isingakuvadzi nharaunda nekuda kwehunhu hwadzo hunogona kushandiswazve. Mushure mekusarudza, kugadzira kwekutanga kwakakosha: zvinhu zvakabikwa zvinopwanywa kuita zvidimbu zve 2-5mm kuti zvive nechokwadi chekupararira kwekupisa kwakafanana, zvobva zvaomeswa mumakiln anotenderera pa 120-150°C kuderedza huwandu hwehunyoro pasi pe 10%. Danho iri rinoderedza kushandiswa kwesimba panguva yekupisa kunotevera uye kudzivirira carbonization isina kuenzana.
Maitiro Ekutanga: Kugadzira Carbonization uye Kushanda
Kugadzira Carbonndiyo danho rekutanga rekuchinja, rinoitwa mumaovheni anotenderera asina oxygen kana kuti ma vertical retorts pa400–600°C. Pano, zvinhu zvinoshanduka-shanduka (semuenzaniso, mvura, tar, uye organic acids) zvinobviswa, zvichiita kuti huremu hudzikire ne50–70%, ukuwo carbon skeleton yakasimba ichiumbwa. Zvisinei, skeleton iyi ine porosity shoma—kazhinji iri pasi pe100 m²/g—inodakushandakuti vavhure mukana wekuti zvinhu izvi zvisanyungudike.
Nzira mbiri huru dzekugadzirisa dzinoshandiswa mumaindasitiri.Kushanda kwemuviri(kana kuti gasi rishande) kunosanganisira kurapa zvinhu zvakakangwa negasi dzinoita kuti carbon ishande (steam, CO₂, kana mhepo) pa800–1000°C. Gasi iri rinoita zvinoenderana nepamusoro pekabhoni, richicheka ma micro-pores (≤2nm) uye meso-pores (2–50nm) anoita kuti nzvimbo ipfuure 1,500 m²/g. Nzira iyi inodiwa kune kabhoni inoshandiswa mumhando yefood-grade uye yemishonga nekuda kwekusashandisa makemikari.Kushanda kwemakemikariKusiyana neizvi, inosanganisa zvinhu zvisina kugadzirwa nezvinhu zvinobvisa mvura mumuviri (ZnCl₂, H₃PO₄, kana KOH) isati yaiswa carbonization. Makemikoro aya anoderedza tembiricha yekushanda kusvika 400–600°C uye anokurudzira kupararira kwemapore akafanana, zvichiita kuti ive yakakodzera kushandiswa kwakakosha senge VOC adsorption. Zvisinei, nzira iyi inoda kushambidzwa nemvura kana acid zvakanyanya kubvisa makemikari akasara, zvichiita kuti maitiro acho ave akaomarara.
Mushure mekurapwa uye kuvandudzwa kunogara kwenguva refu
Mushure mekuvhurwa, chigadzirwa chinopwanywa, kuchekwa (kuti chisvike pahukuru hwezvimedu zvinotangira pa 0.5mm kusvika 5mm), uye kuomeswa kuti zvisvike pazvinodiwa neindasitiri. Mitsetse yemazuva ano yekugadzira iri kubatanidza matanho ekuchengetedza: kupisa kwemarara kubva muzvitofu zvinogadziriswazve kunodzoserwa kuma power dryer, nepo zvigadzirwa zve chemical activation (semuenzaniso, diluted acids) zvichibviswa simba uye zvinodzoserwazve. Pamusoro pezvo, kutsvagurudza mune zvekudya zve biomass - zvakaita semarara ekurima (makungu emupunga, masaga enzimbe) - kuri kuderedza kuvimba nemarasha asingadzokororwe uye kuri kuwedzera kucherechedzwa kwehunyanzvi hwezvakatipoteredza.
Muchidimbu, tekinoroji yekugadzira kabhoni inosimbisa mashandiro ekugadzira zvinhu, zvichiita kuti ikwanise kuita mabasa akakosha mukuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza uye maindasitiri. Sezvo kudiwa kwemvura yakachena nemhepo kuchikura, kufambira mberi mukugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana uye kugadzirwa kwezvirimwa zvichawedzera kukosha kwayo.
Isu tiri vanotengesa zvinhu zvikuru muChina, kana muchida kutenga kana kuwana rumwe ruzivo, tinokugamuchirai kuti mutibate panhamba dzinoti:
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